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[Music]

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[Applause]

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this ain't a thank you everybody for

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being here today

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I thought the title would be better if I

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wrote this way what I'm going to talk

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about today what I would like to

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compress my 15 minutes is the results of

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some ideas that we've been developing

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trying to understand why we have life in

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the universe and all and in particular

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in the earth and what we attack we've

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taken is trying to actually mimic what

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we see in life some of the features that

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we see in life maybe mimic them without

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actually looking without actually using

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biochemistry so I see that I have that

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there I can so let's look at the

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enormous complexity that we do see in

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life this is a humbling experience for

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anybody who looks at it but we can get

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out of it a few lessons one of them is

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that of course all life is based on and

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is and uses standard physical chemical

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processes but when we look at the

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previous transparency we see that there

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is a huge a jumping complexity from in

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in life itself but even more since life

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is based on chemistry there is a huge

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jump from regular chemistry or inorganic

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chemistry for example to biochemistry

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and even on to life so we asked

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ourselves the question a few years ago

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we asked ourself the question could we

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build chemical functional complexity in

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the laboratory from simple chemical

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systems who are from simple chemical

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parts and we decided my training is that

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of a physicist and the thinking that

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underlies a lot of what I do is it's got

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to do with that training and I am not

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apologizing but I'm saying I'm not a

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chemist then a the track the track that

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we decided to take would be attack where

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we actually go from the top down or from

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outside in there is a confusion on the

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use of those terms so and first try to

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see what the metric would be that we

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would understand for life so a chemical

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system which is capable of handling

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information which is kept capable of

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metabolizing that is to say in this

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context making its own parts and it's

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capable of executing programming program

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self-replication and evolving we would

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call that if it is based in chemistry

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something like a mimic of life if it is

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not basing biochemistry as we know it

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here so we went ahead and we studied a

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asking ourselves a question which is the

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typical question a physicist would ask

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is how do we represent those four

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properties and how we would represent

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them with equations this is a attack

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which is often used in hospitals

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throughout history in in physics

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Maxwell's equations a many other type of

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considerations having to do with the

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description of gravitation of phenomena

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or elementary particles and so on and so

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forth so we are worth trying to actually

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write down some sets of equations

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preferably simple equations with simple

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hypothesis minimum in all senses that

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are actually that would actually be able

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to represent those properties those

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properties can be associated with a

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number of each of behaviors that can be

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encapsulated in terms of a couple of a

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couple of two metal functions one for

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example in which we call V which would

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represent the living cell is this would

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be the simplest a conception and then

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another another variable which we would

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represent us the food u in this case if

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that was the case I mean U and V would

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have to represent the properties that we

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just mentioned those four properties

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then when we need to have them interact

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in different ways we would have in order

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for them to handle information they

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would have to interact linearly and

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quadratically in order for them to do a

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metabolism they would have to be a

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quadratically interacting as you see

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there in the in their kinetics in order

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to have self replication or generating

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which is in some sense equivalent to

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generate internal patterns they would

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have to be cubic in the ways you see

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there for example and in order to have

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evolution as for example pointed out by

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Viggo and eigen and you would need to

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have two feedback books in order to have

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adaptive behavior in a random

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environment so we're gonna head

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and back in 2003 we wrote a set of

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equations so let me see if I can make

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this thing work I don't know if I will

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be able to but it would be what I'm

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trying to do is to nope bummer

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how do I get the movie going there is a

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movement here do you have it in a

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computer somewhere click on it where

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there it goes he's got it now thank you

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oh yeah thank you there are a few more

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movies coming so this is to put the

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solutions to those equations in

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particular with a particular set of

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parameters do and you can see that there

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is the create the generation of a series

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of a generation of it can you click

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again if you don't mind a general out of

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the food that general you begin to

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generate systems which actually

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replicate sometimes they die and for

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this particular set of parameters there

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is noise in the system for this

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particular set of parameters then there

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is a but a noise value or a property of

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the noise which actually generates an

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optimum number of spots which actually

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are in homeostatic equilibrium with the

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environment in which they are so we said

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hmm this is interesting how do we

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actually general what how do we

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generalize those equations to also

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include something like waste so we added

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a waste and from two equations we went

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to three and then we began to in a can

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you click on this movie also sorry to

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keep you busy and there is no change in

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the general behavior so we then said can

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we click again so that we stopped it

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thank you

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then we said what can we do with this if

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can we use chemistry some sort some

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chemistry to actually somehow generate

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this type of behaviors that is to say

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how do we interpret those equations we

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just wrote down so we went ahead with

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that and going fast by the way if

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anybody wants to have this

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transparencies just send me an email and

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I'll be happy to send it to you in the

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movies or whatever you want

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so then we took a cue this is just to

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break a little bit the the Train of the

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of the talk a cue from another for from

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a Spaniard who said that everything you

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can imagine is real I don't know how

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many bottles of wine he drank but when

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he said that but I would say with the

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help of the Civic method and that then I

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would even almost agree with him and of

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course you can imagine you can write a

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questions you can imagine many things

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but for example even if you have mass

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Wells equations they do not contain the

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radio or the microwave oven you have to

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do much more than just equations so in

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this quest to try and represent this

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system with a non chemistry we

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discovered that our equations are very

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similar to the brew so later the oregano

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boost later or regular model of the sila

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Tory builds of several things clear

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reaction and we say ah so that's what we

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need to study the first thing that we

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would need to study is to see if you

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could actually handle information using

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the values of salt in scale reaction and

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the answer is yes I'm going to use two

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transparencies very quickly and the less

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the less a idea is to show you very

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quickly how a chemical to new machine

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would look like you would have a reactor

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like this

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sorry so you would have a reactor like

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this here can you start it again at the

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bottom and you would AK you would add

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letters just ask you a CT or G and then

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the letters will change the state of the

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reaction you saw a pipette and then the

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reaction is a nonlinear reaction and

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when you add another type another

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reactant in this case B which is malonic

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acid to a reaction with a the vessel

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already contained a bromate and then you

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see you begin to see how there are

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oscillations this is typical of

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nonlinear chemistry relaxation

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oscillations the amplitude changes as

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you change this the amplitude changes

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etc and then what you end up finding is

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that depending on the order of the

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letters and the amount of the letters

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that you put you do get an acceptance or

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rejection of

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sequence that is precisely where the

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Turing machine Dasom if your machine is

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capable of recognizing a sequence in a

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particular language and the language the

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complexity of the language is such that

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it has to belong to a certain class in

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that case you say you have a Turing

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machine the machine of course that

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theoretical Turing machine has an

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infinite tape that's not possible to

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make but a real physical tuned machine

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like this you can build so with this the

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lesson a we take from this is that you

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can actually use chemistry a to a

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process information in the form of

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nonlinear chemistry so then we and we

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put together because to process

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information you would need to have some

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a free energy gradient in such a way

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that the entropy in the system and the

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and the information can be exchanged and

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for that you you would need to have a

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gradient of free energy I just said can

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you make a membrane that from a system

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where there were no memories can you

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make a membrane and have the system self

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encapsulated itself and we did that we

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learned about it a field which is

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copolymerization use service Emily

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techniques which cost per unit session

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your service and Bullock where you start

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with a hydrophilic polymer with a small

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molecule attached here and then in under

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certain conditions and certain a a

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catalyst including ruthenium which is

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also the catalyst for the BC reaction

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you can actually begin to add monomers

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and again you can make a you can start

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with a hydrophilic block and add a

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hydrophobic block and then a what

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happens is that as the hydrophobic block

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changes the structures that are stable

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or metastable a ground states change

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from his fears to so-called worms to

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vesicles so we did that we done that and

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then we added a little bit of a photo

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chemistry to it and we discovered that

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you could have in a small cuvette you

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could have this mixture of chemicals

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process them for a few hours and you

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start a until you begin the reaction

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begins to occur at the beginning the

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liquid looks transparent after three or

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four hours the liquid

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a little it's less transparent after six

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hours the liquid begins to show phase

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separation and then you begin when you

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put this in a slide in a microscope then

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you begin to see the formation of

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vesicles and it's much more than that

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the vesicles can you a fiction that that

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movie the vesicles you see the sky which

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is coming from the northwest he's

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growing the reaction is making him then

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he will collapse when he gets to the

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center and then he starts again so you

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have cycles of this kind now we do this

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in a CSTR and we're able to we have

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being able to make something like 70 70

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cycles so we in this case we said okay

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so we studied a that what's going on we

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found out at first we found out and this

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is what I'm showing you today this is

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couple of years old it we found out that

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this transition from a droplet my cell

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dominated to vesicle dominated and today

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we do know that this transition is not

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as sharp as this but sigmoid and it

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follows everything the simple relation

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law and we also have have seen that this

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system becomes it likes to be where

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there is light so there is some

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principle of selection based on

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phototaxis and we understand then you

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start this again we understand a lot of

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this a lot about this system and what

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we've done is gone from this very simple

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system that you see here what you see

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when this guy's a implode

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we call this Phoenix because they grow

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they die and then they rise again from

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their own ashes so to speak so you see

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that there is self-replication the

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system actually self replicates we have

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studied this in lots of detail and we do

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know that the system is actually

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self-replicating because there are some

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spores or some material not really

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spores but some molecules that are

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released and then the PCR reaction

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starts again so we have a motivate we

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have done the same thing with a but

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powered by the values of solute in scale

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reaction we can and we when we put the

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values of solute insuk reaction you have

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also and

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type of a behavior in the vesicles which

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are formed by Pisa which is that the

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vesicles divide so we have come up with

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a way of mimicking some of the basic

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features of linear systems and we are

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now finding out that you could start

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with a mix where the system begins to

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operate under its own control it

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self-assembles and then eventually a

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this of course is not like a Latorre

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chemical reaction this is taken from a

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pulse in the heart but anyway it

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represents oscillations if you have

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oscillatory chemistry inside which can

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actually do a complex computations you

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have at least two routes for server

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application this mitotic and this other

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in terms of Phoenix style things and of

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course we don't think that anything like

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that happened in the origin of life on

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earth but it to me as a physicist I am

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aware thank you to me as a physicist it

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gives me pleasure to see that or it adds

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it gives me understanding to see that

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something like this may have happened

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before life evolved into 40 days so here

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are some conclusions that I am offering

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to you what this is service is summing

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up - this one is a summary of what I've

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said so far but I would also like to say

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that we have now two a varieties one

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with ruthenium another one with the

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iridium in the laboratory you put them

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to compete in the same beaker and guess

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what if the light benefits one of them

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say ruthenium the ruthenium eats the

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ones which are iridium and vice versa so

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we are very excited and of course I'm

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gonna end with a joke and a little bit

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of a scared thank you very much for your

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attention and I hope you enjoyed the

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talk thank you

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[Applause]